How Are Variables Used in Psychology Research

How Are Variables Used in Psychology Research Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print How Are Variables Used in Psychology Research? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 Monty Rakusen / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers A variable is something that can be changed or varied, such as a characteristic or value. Variables are generally used in psychology experiments to determine if changes to one thing result in changes to another. Variables play a critical role in the psychological research process. By systematically varying some variables and measuring the effects on other variables, researchers can determine if changes to one thing result in changes in something else. The Dependent and Independent Variables In a psychology experiment: The independent variable is the variable that is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter. For example, in an experiment on the impact of sleep deprivation on test performance, sleep deprivation would be the independent variable.The dependent variable is the variable that is measured by the experimenter. In our previous example, the scores on the test performance measure would be the dependent variable. Extraneous and Confounding Variables It is important to note that the independent and dependent variables are not the only variables present in many experiments. In some cases, extraneous variables may also play a role. This type of variable is one that may have an impact on the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. For example, in our previous description of an experiment on the effects of sleep deprivation on test performance, other factors such as age, gender, and academic background may have an impact on the results. In such cases, the experimenter will note the values of these extraneous variables so this impact on the results can be controlled for. There are two basic types of extraneous variables: Participant Variables: These extraneous variables are related to individual characteristics of each participant that may impact how he or she responds. These factors can include background differences, mood, anxiety, intelligence, awareness and other characteristics that are unique to each person.Situational Variables: These extraneous variables are related to things in the environment that may impact how each participant responds. For example, if a participant is taking a test in a chilly room, the temperature would be considered an extraneous variable. Some participants may not be affected by the cold, but others might be distracted or annoyed by the temperature of the room. In many cases, extraneous variables are controlled for by the experimenter. In the case of participant variables, the experiment might select participants that are the same in background and temperament to ensure that these factors do not interfere with the results. Confounding Variables If a variable cannot be controlled for, it becomes what is known as a confounding variable. This type of variable can have an impact on the dependent variable, which can make it difficult to determine if the results are due to the influence of the independent variable, the confounding variable or an interaction of the two. Operationally Defining a Variable Before conducting a psychology experiment, it is essential to create firm operational definitions for both the independent variable and dependent variable. An operational definition describes how the variables are measured and defined in the study. For example, in our imaginary experiment on the effects of sleep deprivation on test performance, we would need to create very specific operational definitions for our two variables. If our hypothesis is Students who are sleep deprived will score significantly lower on a test, then we would have a few different concepts to define. First, what do we mean by students? In our example, let’s define students as participants enrolled in an introductory university-level psychology course. Next, we need to operationally define the sleep deprivation variable. In our example, let’s say that sleep deprivation refers to those participants who have had less than five hours of sleep the night before the test. Finally, we need to create an operational definition for the test variable. For this example, the test variable will be defined as a student’s score on a chapter exam in the introductory psychology course. Students often report problems with identifying the independent and dependent variables in an experiment. While the task can become more difficult as the complexity of an experiment increases, there are a few questions you can ask when trying to identify a variable. What is the experimenter manipulating? The things that change, either naturally or through direct manipulation from the experimenter, are generally the independent variables. What is being measured? The dependent variable is the one that the experimenter is measuring.

The Ku Klux Klan And The Civil Rights Movement - 1411 Words

Founded in 1866, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican party’s reconstruction-era polices aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks. Its members waged an unseen war of intimidation and violence directed at white and black republican leaders. Through congress passed legislation designed to stop and contain Klan terrorism, the organization saw its primary goal fulfilled through democratic victories in state legislatures across the south in the 1870s. After a period of decline, white protestant nativist group’s revived the Klan in the early 20th century, burning crosses and staging rallies, parades and marches†¦show more content†¦Shortly after the formation of the KKK, Nathan Bedford Forrest, a former slave trader and confederate general, assumed control of the organization and turned it into a militaristic, hierarchical entity. In 1868, Forrest formally disbanded the group after he became appalled by its growing violence. Despite his disbandment the KKK continued to grow, and its atrocities worsened. Drawing the core of its membership from ex-confederate soldiers, the KKK may have numbered several hundred thousand at its height during reconstruction. In1871, the federal government took several steps to counter the KKK and its violence. Congress organized a joint select committee made up of seven senators and 14 representatives of the house to look into the Klan and its activities. It then passed the civil rights act of 1871, frequently referred to as the Ku Klux Klan act, which made night riding a crime and empowered the president to order the use of federal troops to put down conspirators by force. The law also provided criminal and civil penalties for people convicted of privet conspiracies (such as those perpetrated by the KKK) intended to deny others their civil rights. Some distinguished members of congress and the Supreme Court were also involved in the KKK. Hugo L. Black was a prominent member of the U.S. Supreme Court and a former senator was a suspected KKK member. Black was a member of the KuShow MoreRelatedThe Ku Klux Klan And The Civil Rights Movement1237 Words   |  5 Pagesother groups during the World War II and the Civil Rights Movement periods. This hatred and cruelty was brought upon those who did not believe in causes that these white supremacists wanted them to believe in. The creation of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was a major contributing factor to racism and prejudice in America for over 100 years. Many opposed the KKK, but there was a slight few that supported the Klan, glorifying them and their cause. The Ku Klux Klan is known as a racial hate group, who forcedRead MoreThe Klan s Organized Terrorism1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ku Klux Klan had three eras, an era ends when the Ku Klux Klan movement dies out or they loss the need for it. Each era may have its own intentions or what their main goal is, but white supremacy is still their goal just trying to accomplish it in different ways, while also opposing thing that may go against their moral code, like gay marriage. The Ku Klux Klan is an origination focused on having white supremacy, it has existed for many years and has had three eras, it is most known for its actRead MoreTaking a Look at the Ku Klux Klan892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ku Klux Klan was known as the biggest hate group in American History, and they are responsible for thousands of innocent blacks’ deaths. The Ku Klux Klan made it very hard for the blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and homosexuals to live a normal life. The Klan made them live in fear. The Ku Klux Klan was a racial hate group in the south that made sure blacks did not get any civil rights. Members in the Ku Klux Klan believed whites were superior to other races. The KKK hated the blacks becauseRead MoreThe Resurgence Of The Kkk944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Resurgence of the KKK Racism has been deep-rooted in American history. Racism that arose in the 1920s involved infamous race riots, lynching, the Sweet Case, and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan. However, out of all these other factors, the Ku Klux Klan has left a huge impact on American history. To begin, there were many ways to show racism but, race riots were most common. One of the most famous race riots happened in Tulsa, Oklahoma. On the thirty first of May till the first of June in 1921Read MoreThe Ku Klux Klan And The Klan820 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ku Klux Klan has massively reduced by 1927. While it peaked from having over 3 million members in 1925, it had no more than several hundred thousand in 1927. Night riding of the Klan led to at least 50 people getting flogged during a two year period. Outcries of the populace of Georgia and the Carolinas brought arrests and convictions of the Klan. Therefore, the Klan was forced to retreat. The Klan endured other handicap when local Klan in the North chapters began to develop ties with AmericanRead MoreThe Role of the Ku Klux Klan in U.S. Society Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of the Ku Klux Klan in U.S. Society Originally, the Ku Klux Klan was founded immediately after the Civil war and lasted until the 1870’s, after which it collapsed. The Klan was then reformed in 1915 and is still conducting till the present day. The Activists had set up for many different reasons, the foremost ones being, to create a business or rather as a ‘social club’, invite members who were anti-Civil war and of course to restore white supremacy after theirRead MoreThe Black Klux Klan And The New Black Panther Party857 Words   |  4 PagesEverybody Love Everybody Many people are aware of the largest hate groups found in the United States. Two of them being the Ku Klux Klan and the New Black Panther Party. They threaten or harm a specific population, and both cause diversity in the United States. The Black Lives Matter movement is a hate group because they threaten and harm a specific population using physical abuse and speech while causing diversity in the United States. Mark Twain once said, â€Å"Actions speak louder than words†Read MoreThe Ku Klux Klan And American History1042 Words   |  5 PagesMartin World History Section 4 4-29-16 The Ku Klux Klan For much of American history, ethnic groups other than caucasian have struggled greatly. One of the groups that has struggled a lot is African Americans. This group has had to suffer through slavery and segregation for the purpose of much of American history. Their struggle became more difficult in the occasion of the Ku Klux Klan (Ku Klux Klan) was founded. The formation of the Ku Klux Klan was one of the main factors of the bloody struggleRead MoreThe Ku Klux Klan ( Kkk )1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ku Klux Klan (KKK) came into being in 1865 and was widespread in the southern states of the USA. It was founded by former Confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee. It was a movement, formed after the civil war of America, to oppress the Republican Party’s policies of reconstruction. Few years after its formation, the movement engaged in war, fear and hatred in the war-ravaged south. The group’s activities during this period have had adverse effects on the American society that still haunt themRead MoreFederal Government s Intervention Into The Ku Klux Klan s Activities2284 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Ku Klux Klan’s Activities In the late 1800’s, during the period of Reconstruction, there was fear and hate of African Americans by white southerners. This fear and hate rooted from the fact that African American’s now had the same rights and freedoms as white people. This caused an uproar. Because of this, people were coming together and sharing their feelings and ideas about the newly freed African Americans. This is how the KKK, also known as the Ku Klux Klan, came about. The Ku Klux Klan

Alice s Journey Through Wonderland - 958 Words

Lewis Carroll’s classic children’s novel, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is fundamentally about the growth of the character of Alice. In the Victorian period 1837- 1901, there was a changes in children education and reflexively development of children literature. Therefore when writing Lewis Carroll attempts to put forth a form of education within the text. The story follows Alice who is a seven year old well-mannered victorian girl that stumbles through a rabbit hole into the magical world of Wonderland. Alice takes on the role of the audience viewing Wonderland and its strange inhabitants. It is through language in both conversations with herself and with the characters of wonderland that we see Alice’s journey through wonderland is representative of a child’s education into adulthood. Through Alice’s conversation with herself it becomes apparent that tension between Alice’s previous understanding of the world and the illogical wor ld of Wonderland. Alice upon chasing a white rabbit down the rabbit hole finds herself in a hall which only has a small door in which she can not enter. Frustrated Alice looks upon a table on the hall, a bottle suddenly appears which tag reads, â€Å"Drink Me† (Carroll 13). Since Alice has learned that, â€Å"if you drink from a bottle marked ‘poison’ it will almost certainly disagree with you sooner or later† and she looks before drinking. (Carroll 14) Alice has come from a world that has a consistent rules and features, that contrasts with theShow MoreRelatedFacing Adolescence in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Essays1485 Words   |  6 Pageschildren face when they enter the adult world in his novel, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, by taking readers on a compelling journey through the adolescence of a young girl who struggles to find her identity in a realm she cannot comprehend. Carroll personifies this trying journey through the prot agonist, Alice. Alice is a seven year old girl, growing up in the Victorian Age, a time of rapid change and development. â€Å"Alice is engaged in a romance quest for her own identity and growth, for some understandingRead MoreLewis Carroll s Alice s Adventures1432 Words   |  6 Pages Lewis Carroll s â€Å"Alice s Adventures in Wonderland and Though the Looking-Glass are classics of the English language, Vying with the Bible and William Shakespeare as source of quotation(Blake, Kathleen 112).† Lewis Carroll s Alice s Adventures in Wonderland has always been a favorite for many children since it came out. It also has been interesting for any adult that has read it. Lewis Carroll is a literary genius even though he wrote plenty of nonsense. Born on Janurry 27, 1832, Lewis CarrolRead MoreDifferences Between The Stories Bat And The Color Of Earth 874 Words   |  4 PagesAlice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll and The Color of Earth by Dong Hwa Kim. Each of these books are mainly for girl readers and it shows female characters facing changes as they are maturing from young children to young adults. On the surface there are a lot of similarities between the stories Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Weetzie Bat and The Color of Earth. The main characters Alice, Weetzie and Ehwa have a journey or an adventure they are going through that will help their characterRead MoreLewis CarrollS Novel â€Å"Alice’S Adventures In Wonderland†1072 Words   |  5 PagesLewis Carroll s novel â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland† creates a world that is enforced by extremely foreign and unusual principles and rules that are ordinary to the characters in Wonderland. Alice appears to be odd and unusual compared to the rest of Wonderland’s characters. Her sense of self is tested throughout this novel. When the reader is first introduced to Alice there is not much that we know about her. She is first seen reading a book with her older sister underneath a tree.ThisRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Alices Adventures In Wonderland1318 Words   |  6 Pagesblond girl named Alice from C. S. Lewis’ â€Å"Alice’s Adventures In Wonderland†. This story works as an agent of socialization because Alices adventures parallel the journey from childhood to adulthood as she comes into new situations in which adaptability is absolutely necessary for success. In the beginning of the story, she can barely maintain enough composure to keep herself from crying. By the end, she is self-possessed and able to hold her own against the most perplexing Wonderland logic. SymbolsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alice Adventures 1055 Words   |  5 PagesReport 1. Alice Adventures in Wonderland 2. Lewis Carroll was the author of Alice Adventures in Wonderland. Written in 1862- 1863 during a journey with Reverent Robinson Duckworth and his three young daughters. 3. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson better known as his pen name, Lewis Carroll, was an English author was born January 27, 1832. He was a writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican cleric, and artist. 4. Characters: Major: Alice: Alice is a seven-year-old girl who stumbles upon the Wonderland after followingRead MoreLewis Carroll s Wonderland : A Magical Underworld Named Wonderland871 Words   |  4 Pages Lewis Carroll s novel Alice in Wonderland, tells the story of a young girl named Alice who adventures through a magical underworld named Wonderland. This young girl s adventures in Wonderland can be seen as a metaphor for the experience of growing up, both in terms of physically growing up and physiologically maturing as she gets to understand the adult world through her autonomy and experiences. She physically grows and shrinks again and again in the story up to a total of 12 times. Her constantRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures 1882 Words   |  8 Pages Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland outline Introduction In the year 1865, Lewis. C. Carroll published a Novel titled, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. This novel tells the story of a girl named Alice who enters a bizarre world called Wonderland, which she initially cannot comprehend because she lacks knowledge of this world and her place in it, Thus, Alice takes a journey through this world to understand both it and herself. SomeRead MoreJohn Charles Lutwidge Dodgson s The Looking Glass 1366 Words   |  6 Pagesstories in his lifetime but his most famous for his children s ?nonsense? novels: Alice s Adventures in Wonderland and the sequel Through the Looking Glass. His works, especially the two mentioned, have influenced countless readers over the years, and references to his writings can be found in every type of media from the song ?White Rabbit? by Jefferson Airplane to the the Matrix trilogy. While both books are intended for a child s entertainment, they are full of symbolism and hidden critiqueRead MoreLewis Carroll s Al ice s Adventures1292 Words   |  6 Pagesconcealed beneath the surface of the text. Lewis Carroll, however, is an exception to this rule. Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is widely known as an amusing and lighthearted children’s story, yet beneath its surface lies many hidden truths. Unlike most authors, Carroll incorporates a great deal of nonsense into his work. Putting readers through many loops in order to decode his skewed logic, is what allows Carroll to stand apart from other authors. Hamidreza Hossein Mikhchi, author

Mergers and Acquisitions in Australia Free Essays

string(41) " the country that are performing better\." A merger is one of the forms of business combination. A merger is the joining together of two or more companies for a common goal (Schencke, 2007). It can be in the form of vertical integration, Horizontal integration or diversification. We will write a custom essay sample on Mergers and Acquisitions in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consider the case of manufactured food (bread) company: we have the flour  Ã‚   company, the bakery and a butter company. If the bread company acquires the flour company that would be vertical integration; this may be more comprehensive and risky . The management is highly involved because of the procedures involved and consequences too. This is a backward integration because it will be merging with the supply source. It might lead to restricted supply of raw materials hence inflexibility. If the bread company starts producing cakes that would be horizontal integration; this might be considered necessary in order to have a more product line whereby their consumers will now be able to enjoy more quality products from the same company. This will enable a particular bread company deal with its competitors because a variety of commodities will be available to them. The company will also command a more market share because most of its products will dominate the market. High market share determines profitability because the Total sales figure has a factor of units and sales are directly proportional to the profit margin. The particular bread company therefore becomes a market leader and enjoys all the economies of scale. High volumes can be produced at low costs and therefore the company becomes a market leader in the industry. The company can now have efficient pricing policies for the different commodities that it is offering in the market. If the bread company starts producing butter to match with its quality of bread then that would be market diversification; This results in increased market capitalization which is very healthy for a company in the industry. This kind of expanded production line may be risky and uncertain because very little is known about that particular product line. This may call for comprehensive research, which might be costly for the holding company. Demand and supply factors of that particular company need to be understood and analyzed keenly to determine the future of such an operation and how relevant it might because this is a complimentary commodity. Merger or an acquisition leads to lack of competitiveness and would have a high Herfindahl index. Industry concentration is also affected. In the case study above, one has reduced players in the industry due to mergers. Therefore we find that there’s no competition due to acquiring of a supply chain, producing related commodities or even engaging in the production of complementary goods. Market diversification results to company being able to control its prices for the different products it has with changing the profit. This shows that market forces do not determine prices and completion is at different levels. Some companies also become market leaders and may decide to lower its prices in the market at the expense of other companies. The fact that a company can acquire a supply chain is harmful because this may limit resources/raw materials to other companies with in the industry or supply at inflated cost. A prices control board should therefore establish to deal with this. Some companies may be forced to quit production and this may lead to monopolies in the industry, which may not be healthy. Motives for mergers include: Synergy; The expected synergy determines the purchase price for the acquiree. Synergy is the combined power of a group of companies when they are working together which is greater than the total power achieved by each working separately. Synergy can be operating synergy or financial synergy. Operating synergy includes economies of scale and economies of scope, by merging firms are able to receive huge discounts due to high volumes of production and this results in high profits, this means high price of shares and high market capitalization. Owning of supply channels means constant supply of raw materials without delays and control over the prices. This indicates low cost of production and increased profits. Being a market leader may result into a monopoly and this means enormous profits. Discounts can be offered to customers and result in high sales due to high volumes. All these work to the advantage of the acquirer. More shareholders due to improved earnings per share lead to more funding and adequate cash flows are available. Synergy can’t be compared to international expansion, which is slow. Merging is with firms already operating and with the required recourses so no lag periods experienced which might hinder the growth and development of a company, which negates the image to the shareholders and other interested parties. There might be need to expand to another geographical location. The acquiring firm will look for firms in operation at that location to merge with in order to fasten the catch period which normally due to lack of knowledge of business operations at that particular area and business smartness required. Horizontal integration in this case will be necessary. This might be after researching and identifying a possible business location. Suppliers will also be considered in this case. Financial synergy is however more questionable due to the uncertainty of business operations. Merging may be for the need to grow and develop. This can be internal or external.. Internal growth can be slow and uncertain because the company doesn’t have past business experience on a particular field. Outside expansion leads to diversification and market capitalization is improved. Growth of a company in the industry tracts more shareholders to the company and therefore funds for financing business operations are adequate. This leads to market leading and high volumes are sold bringing about high profit margin. Merging may be due to the pride of the management team of the bidder company. The management may want to associated with all players in the country that are performing better. You read "Mergers and Acquisitions in Australia" in category "Essay examples" This will be a way for the management to market itself and therefore the same directors can be restored at the next annual general meeting. The management might have been watching the firm to be acquired and may have an idea of corrections to be made in order to increase perfection. They may w ant to acquire a firm that is just about due to liquidity issues, restore its operations and hence cash flows. They therefore be associated with the recovery of the dieing company and hence improve their employment opportunities with other companies. They may also look for promotions and being part of the recovery team may a good ground for such. They management may also want to part of the management of a market leader in the company and this calls for all necessary strategies possible including mergers and acquisitions(Schlossberg, 2007). Horizontal integration whereby a company starts producing related products leads to increased market share due to increased sales out of the high volumes of sales. This may result in very radical transactions, which might be risky. In business yield comes together with risk taking. Vertical integration in this case is considered most because its more risky but the gains might be more than the costs. Diversification into another line of production may be a motivating factor. The company may have identified another variety of related products, which might be profitable and may want to be part of that industry. Therefore the best way to go may be the merger in order to pump in capital into the other company, which is facing liquidity issues, and hence have a major share of the profits. Horizontal integration is always considered best because it involves dealing with the same kind of business, which has a better track record (Schlossberg, 2007). In Australia the following steps are necessary in merging: Research should be first done to determine possible candidate. This needs the help of experts in the research work so that all necessary data and information is available to the management of the acquiring firm The motive to merge should be first understood and the angle to be taken determined. Synergy should be well understood and illustrated. Evaluation should be done on the acquiring firm. The firms’ business strategy should be understood in order to determine the degree of compatibility and the other aspects of business mergers. This also helps in justifying the acquisition. Immediately after the merger, Profits go down first due to the expenses incurred in research and implementation costs. Diversifications are normally expensive and gains can’t be realized immediately. Profits are normally derived at by; Sales-cost of goods sold –expenses. The cost of goods sold=opening stock + purchases-closing stock. High cost of goods immediately after the merger can be due to high opening stock, high purchases and low closing stock. This will therefore result in low profits. In the long run profits are supposed to increase due to; Economies of scale and scope, due to merging with supply and distribution channels, discounts will be given to the entity and this results to low operational costs. Large volume sales enable customers to get discounts and volume of sales is increased. This other unnecessary costs are avoided leading to maximization of profits. Diversification to another line of business; this means exploring of virgin grounds and operation benefits are taken advantage of. This means that sources of gained are increased and the total volume of profits is increased. Increase in market value; High market value is due to being a market leader and commands a greater share of the demand in the market. High volumes are sold and the sales figure is high. Sales are considered to be directly related to the profit volumes. The risk taken at first yields benefits; Diversification may be risky therefore benefits may not be realized fast. Benefits can only after recovery and it will be to the enforceable future. Geographical advantages are realized. The merged entity need time to get used to the business environment and therefore gains take time to be realized (Bruner, 2007). Merging is better than internal expansion. Merging may be a little bit fast to pick up because acquired firms have existing resources and personnel. This reduces time spend in staff professional development and growth. A troubled company needs to merge as near bankruptcy workout situation. This helps in maximizing the value of the company where such companies are considered to be damaged goods. Shareholders, Board of Directors and the managers leave for firms specializing in a workout that is salvaging the value that was assumed to be left in them. Liquidations can’t be left behind. The use of highly leveraged transactions (HLT) expanded the profile of financially troubled companies (Schlossberg, 2007). Financially troubled companies are businesses that were leveraged and unable meet their debt service burden but still separate acceptable or even optimal operating cash flows given their internal resources and market opportunities. Publicity A demerger is expected when competitors start taking advantage of slow growth and development and they may take advantage of opportunities created by merged entity. This is because the competitors have been having existing offices, management and resources supply. Diseconomies of scale and scope start occurring and therefore the operations may not be profitable and a demerger may be considered. The company may at times consider internal expansion to be worth while and may start investing in such hence the merger becomes irrelevant (Bruner, 2007). The expansion to another geographical areas may prove to be unprofitable and thus the firm may consider demerging and concentrating in its primary business operations. The external growth may start being costly and the acquiring company decides to sale its share of the acquired company. The pride of management may be at some cost to the company and the shareholders may decide to demerge. The diversification to another line of production may prove to be extremely costly to the company and a demerger may be asked for so that focus can be on the basic profit gaining activity/business. Both the acquirer and acquiree benefit. The acquiree is funded and its liquidity position is revised and merging is normally a workout for near bankruptcy situations (Gaughan, 2004). The acquirer is also in a position to enjoy; economies of scale and production, advantage of geographical expansion, this is an external growth that cant be compared to the slow internal growth with uncertainties, management pride is improved, market share is improved and they move into a business that they have clear track record. ACCC is an independent authority of the Government of Australia established in 1995 with the amalgamation of the Australian Trade practices Commission and the Prices Surveillance authority to administer the trade practices Act 1974 (Cth) It’s meant to protect Consumer rights, business rights and obligations, perform Industry regulation and price monitoring and prevent illegal anti Competitive behavior (Schencke, 2007). The more of the following criteria a troubled company meets the more marketable it will be to the acquiring company: Is it a manufacturing rather than a distribution operation. Acquiring a manufacturing company will be horizontal integration and will be more profitable to the entity (Robinson, Tranter, Loughran 2007). This kind of synergy results to taking advantages of economies of scale, diversifying into other lines of production, increased market value, expanding to another geographical location and this will be better than internal expansion. Merging with a distribution company will be a vertical forward integration and may be very risky with uncertainties due to lack of a clean track record. Fills a unique product niche rather than produces a commodity item. Has a well-known brand or trademark that is undamaged by its current situation. Sustains a strong defensible market share. A company with a strong market share means that its quite stable and will be profitable to merge with. This will also improve the whole entity’s image and then the share price improves in the stock market. Has a well-maintained machinery and equipment. These are tools of production and this indicates indefinite operation of the company into the future. Such a company is not risky to deal with and may result into huge future losses. Hence the idea of merging may not be necessary. Ernest Young (2006) pg20 In conclusion, mergers and acquisitions should be considered in the company’s research and development. It involves a lot of research that collects data and information in order to evaluate worth candidates for merging. The long-term objectives should be increasing the company’s market share within the industry, making use of economies of scale available and being a market leader. Mergers resulting in long term losses should be avoided because this won’t lead to growth and development of the company. Mergers also determine the structure of an industry because they lead to a decreased number of market players in the industry. This leads to high concentration and competition is reduced. Monopolies may be formed and this may not be healthy to the industry as a whole. Price control bodies need to be in place to control the dominance of the market by a particular holding company. References: Ernest Young, Ernest Young LLP. (2007). Back to Basic Techniques on Mergers Acquisitions (Pg 19-23). Wiley Publications Guy M. Robinson, Pal. J. Tranter, Robert Loughran. (2007). Economy Society Environment. Oxford University Press Hans Schencke. (2007). Accounting for Mergers Acquisitions in Europe. IBFD Michael A. Hit, Jeffrey J. Harrison. R Duane. (2007). A Guide to creating value for Stakeholders. Oxford University Press Patrick A. Gaughan. (2004). Merger, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring. Wiley Publications Robert F.Bruner. (2007). Applied Mergers and Acquisitions. Wiley Publications Robert S. Schlossberg. (2007). Understanding the Antitrust Issues. American Bar Association. How to cite Mergers and Acquisitions in Australia, Essay examples

Barbie 2 Essay Example For Students

Barbie 2 Essay Barbie has recently had her 40th birthday. It all started in the 1950s when Ruth Handler saw her daughter, Barbara, and her friends playing with paper dolls. They liked to imagin the dolls beeing different persons who were working, swiming, playing with friends etc. Ruth, who owned the company Mattel with her husband, understood that pretending how the future would be was part of growing up for kids. She did some research and found that there was room on the market for a doll like Barbie. Mattel had been making lots of toys before Barbie but when Ruth said that she wanted them to make a small doll for kids all the men in the staff had their doubts. Many different designs were done before the first Barbie was introduced on the 9th of march 1959. Barbie was named after Ruths daughter. Barbie was then a teen-age fashion model who was very different to the dolls the kids played with at that time. The buyers were at first skeptical to the doll but when Mattel started to make tv-commercial s to reach out to the buyers it was an instant hit. Barbie is still the most popular fashion doll ever created. That is because she is always changing when the fashion and trends change. She wears everything from the Paris fashion to the more youthful look. For example the creaters changed her when the Beatles were popular and they made a copy of Jackie Kennedy when she was popular. In the 1970s Barbie wore very different clothes just to be trendy. She for example wore glittery disco outfits and got a suntan. Her face was redone. She now got an open-mouth smile. In the 1980s Barbie kept changing. This year she was everything from an aerobics instructor to a sophisticated working women. And now in the 1990s Barbie has had 75 careers since 1959. Barbie has given lots of kids better self-esteem by showing them that you can be what you want. Barbie has been a surgeon, a president candidate, an aeroplane pilot and a dentist etc. The kids nearly have her as a rolemodel. They think if she can do it, so can they! Barbie is actually many kids best friend. Barbie was later given family and friends. Her boyfriend was Ken who was named after Ruths son. She also had a little sister whose name was Skipper and her friends were from all over the world. Her group of friends keep growing. Barbie isnt only liked by kids. There are today thousands of adult collectors. They dont always play with them. They just collect them. But it isnt only women who collect, men do too. There are clubs, magazines etc for adults who love Barbie. Now that everything has a lot to do with the new technology, such as computers, Barbie is going high tech too. There are programs and discs to buy to the computer where Barbie is the main character. It is also a way to guide the kids in the high tech world that they live in. So Barbie isnt just anyone she is the most famous doll of all times. Here is some useless information about Barbie:Barbies full name is Barbie Millicent Roberts. She is from Willows in Wisconsin and went to Willows High School. Right now about 120 new dresses and clothes are designed every year and more than 105 million yards of fabric has been used to create them. After stamp collecting Barbie collecting is the most popular hobby in America. The best selling Barbie was the totally hair Barbie which I have here. Barbie has more than one billion pairs of shoes and she has totally had 500 makeovers. Barbie is now sold in more than 140 countries around the world.

Hypocrisy, Bigotry and Ignorance free essay sample

The Chrysalids by John Wyndham, there are many examples of how hypocrisy, bigotry and ignorance are evident in David’s society. People in Waknuk, including the main character, David, are ignorant to the world around them. Through the first few chapters of the novel, David is a prime example of ignorance, being so young and having a lack of knowledge on what Deviations are actually like. Bigotry is also evident in the Waknuk society, and Joseph Strorm is a prime example of that. Finally, in chapter four, we see an example of hypocrisy through David’s uncle. At the beginning of the novel, the best example of ignorance is the main character, David Strorm. David is just a kid at this point in the book. All his life he has heard how terrible deviations are, and has had it drilled into his head countless times on how any creature who is not formed exactly how it is written in their version of the bible is not human and is hateful in the sight of god. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypocrisy, Bigotry and Ignorance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page David even grew up with his parents telling scary tales of people in the Fringes (the place where Blasphemies are sent), threatening to send people like Hairy Jack if they didn’t behave. On page 21 it says â€Å"Be good now, or I’ll fetch Old Maggie from the Fringes to you. She’s got four eyes to watch you with, and four ears to hear you with, and four arms to smack you with. So you be careful. † Because of these stories, kids such as David in Waknuk believe that all deviations are atrocious creatures, even though many deviations are actually barely noticeable. When he meets Sophie and sees her sixth toe, he is puzzled. On page 14, David says â€Å"A blasphemy was, as had been impressed upon me often enough, a frightful thing. Yet there was nothing wrong about Sophie. She was just an ordinary little girl † David is ignorant because he goes for years believing these creatures are horrifying, having a lack of knowledge on what people with Deviations are really like until he ultimately meets Sophie. The best example of a bigot in this book would be Joseph Strorm, a man who is extremely faithful and strict about his bible teachings, and believes that anything different from the norm is wrong. This is shown on page 26 where David only wished for a third hand and Joseph replied You my own son were calling upon the Devil to give you another hand! Joseph behaves as if every person should think and be the same; and if you dont, people believe you are sent from the devil. He also tells David on the same page â€Å"You do know and yet, knowing this, you deliberately wished yourself a Mutant. That is a terrible thing, an outrageous thing. † Joseph wont handle or deal with anyone who seems to be, or wants to be, abnormal. With Joseph, his way is right and he is completely intolerant of any other opinion or way of thinking. An example of hypocrisy in The Chrysalids would be the incident with the great horses in chapter four. In this chapter, Angus Morton, David’s uncle, acquires a pair of great horses standing twenty-six hands high. From the moment he saw them, David’s father, Joseph Strorm, was positive they were deviations and demanded that the horses be destroyed as Offences, even though they were sanctioned by the government. Angus Morton showed a clear example of Hypocrisy in this chapter because although he is supposedly against all deviations, he bought the horses anyways because they could get double, maybe even triple, the amount of work done that an average horse could do. Theres a good profit there, a good incentive to get them passed but that doesnt mean that theyre right. † The government are also hypocrites in this chapter because even though they do not allow any other type of deviations, they allowed the horses because they were so profitable. This shows that in their society, deviations that make the government a profit, or help the people of Waknuk are allowed to slip by, where as people like Sophie are exiled immediately.

Finance Report for Huffman Trucking

Finance Report for Huffman Trucking Finance Report for Huffman TruckingBy: Jaime SmithFIN/486Mary OrcuttJuly 22, 2013Huffman Trucking is like any other company. They are looking to grow and develop for the convenience of their customers. Huffman Trucking has already purchased more building to expand their business. The company is steadily growing and looking to expand more in the future. The company needs to know if this is the right move for the company as a whole and if they are financially stable enough to withstand another big purchase. The current balance sheets and statement of income will show the numbers to make the decision.Huffman Trucking Balance Sheet2006 2005(In Thousands)Current AssetsCash and Cash Equivalents51,93338,893Accounts Receivable56,29257,441Prepaid Expenses and Supplies3,4433,343Total Current Assets111,72899,677Carrier Operating Property73,02470,957Less: Allowance for Depreciation(57,536)(55,477)Net Carrier Operating Property15,48815,480Assets of Discontinued Operations16,19218,891Goodwill (net )57,76753,977Other Assets26,61324,194Total Assets227,788212,219Liabilities and Shareholders' EquityCurrent LiabilitiesAccounts Payable47,12439,936Salaries and Wages29,75327,048Current Portion of Long-Term Debt2,2042,514Freight and Casualty Claims Payable9,7468,941Total Current Liabilities88,82778,439Long-Term LiabilitiesAccrued Pension and Post-Retirement Health Care58,36252,721Long-Term Debt13,43115,318Total Long-Term Liabilities71,79368,039Shareholders' EquityCommon Stock3.8823.882Treasury Shares(1.952)(1.952)Retained Earnings67,16665,739Total Shareholders' Equity67,16865,741Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity227,788212,219Huffman Trucking Income Statement2006 2005Revenue879,944807,288Salaries Wages and Benefits353,739330,597Fuel Expense217,363192,357Operating Supplies and Expenses152,318136,319Purchased Transportation89,95782,529Operating Taxes and Licenses18,61317,989Insurance and Claims13,52613,006Provision for Depreciation2,7262,738Total Operating Expenses848,242775,535 Operating Income...English: Liabilities of the United States as a fra...